exendin 9 39 amide  (MedChemExpress)

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Hesperetin and Naringenin promote glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from L-cell through activation of TGR5 and alleviated type 2 diabetes

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1838267

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of short-term administration of Hesperetin and Naringenin on HFD-induced obese diabetic mice. (A,B) Body weight (A) and fasting blood glucose level (B) of ND mice and HFD-induced obese diabetic mice before treatment. n = 6 for each group. *** p < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA with Turkey’s test. (C,F) Phenotype of ND mice and HFD-induced obese diabetic mice receiving a single dose of 100 mg/kg Hesperetin, 100 mg/kg Naringenin or vehicle. OGTT performed after an oral glucose gavage (2 g/kg): (C) Blood glucose (left) and corresponding AUC (right); (D) Serum insulin levels (left) and the AUC (right); (E) Serum GLP-1 levels (left) and the AUC (right). n = 6 for each group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared between vehicle and Hesperetin, # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 compared between vehicle and Naringenin, by one-way ANOVA with Turkey’s test. (F–H) OGTT (2 g/kg) in mice pretreated with GLP-1R antagonist Exendin-(9-39) (Ex9, 50 μg/mouse): (F) Blood glucose in whole period; (G) Area under the curve (AUC) corresponding to OGTT; (G) Blood glucose levels at 60 min time point in OGTT. n = 6 for each group. * p < 0.05 by Mann–Whitney U‐test. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: H89 (HY-15979), Nifedipine (HY-B0284), GW 4064 (HY-50108), INT777 (HY-15677), TAK-875 (HY-10480), GSK1292263 (HY-12066), TUG-891 (HY-100881) and Exendin-(9-39) amide (HY-P0264) were purchased from MedChemExpress (Shanghai, China).

Techniques: MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters

Article Title: In Vitro Characterization of Agonist and Antagonist Peptide Binding Interaction Kinetics to GLP-1R in HEK293T Cells Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Microscopy

doi: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6c00091

Figure Lengend Snippet: Peptide binding kinetics on GLP-1R-overexpressed HEK293 cell surface. Bright-field images of overexpressed HEK293 cells on the sensor surface and their corresponding SPR images. Red squares are regions of interest (ROIs) that observe responses which closely fit the kinetic binding model. The green regions indicate areas confluent with cells. Active areas designated by red ROIs overlap closely with cell regions indicating high cell specificity and low nonspecific binding. The measured interactions of (a) GLP-1, (b) exendin-4, (c) liraglutide, and (d) exendin-9 with GLP-1R on the surface of HEK293 cells are presented in isoaffinity scatter plots to reveal binding heterogeneity and predominant modes of interaction. Two predominate binding modes (1 and 2) for the bivalent interaction are observed, showing similar on rates but dissimilar off rates. The K D histograms displaying mode (1) and mode (2) were extracted from each isoaffinity scatter plot and fitted with Gaussian distributions to statistically determine the means and distributions of the kinetic parameters.

Article Snippet: Peptides GLP-1 (cat. no. HY-P0055), liraglutide (cat. no. HY-P0014), exendin-4 (cat. no. HY-13443), and exendin 9 (cat. no. HY-P0264), each with a purity of 95% or higher as determined by HPLC, were purchased from MedChemExpress.

Techniques: Binding Assay

Journal: ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters

Article Title: In Vitro Characterization of Agonist and Antagonist Peptide Binding Interaction Kinetics to GLP-1R in HEK293T Cells Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Microscopy

doi: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6c00091

Figure Lengend Snippet: Binding schematic of peptides to GLP-1R. (a–c) Schematic of GLP-1R receptor (a) unoccupied, (b) occupied by an agonist (GLP-1, exendin-4, liraglutide), and (c) occupied by antagonist (exendin-9), illustrating differential engagement of the extracellular domain (ECD) and transmembrane domain (TMD). Agonists bind bivalently, with an initial C-terminal anchoring at the ECD followed by N-terminal insertion into the TMD, whereas the antagonist exendin-9 can only bind to the ECD, effectively inhibiting TMD engagement opportunities. (d) Aligned peptide sequences highlighting structural features that underlie differences in binding kinetics: the rigid Trp-cage motif in exendin-4 (red) that destabilizes TMD engagement and the C16 acylation in liraglutide (red) that enhances membrane residence and N-terminal activation.

Article Snippet: Peptides GLP-1 (cat. no. HY-P0055), liraglutide (cat. no. HY-P0014), exendin-4 (cat. no. HY-13443), and exendin 9 (cat. no. HY-P0264), each with a purity of 95% or higher as determined by HPLC, were purchased from MedChemExpress.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Membrane, Activation Assay